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Shading from photovoltaic arrays on the roof of greenhouses can have a positive or negative effect on the growth of the cultivated plants, depending on the period during which the cultivation is carried out [11, 33,34].
Although shading in many cases is a solution to maintain the desired microclimate, in the case of photovoltaic installations, the permanent shading of the crop is a challenge, due to the importance of light to the growth, morphogenesis, and other critical physiological processes.
Tomato, lettuce, pepper, cucumbers and strawberries are the most studied crops under PV panels (Fig. 5). The recent literatures for applications of selective shading systems on the aforementioned crops and others plants are reviewed in the following sections.
In this study, the effect of shade from semi-transparent photovoltaics on a strawberry crop (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) was examined, in terms of growth and quality (phenolic and flavonoid concentration of fruits).
Solar panels also protect crops from cold weather and create a favorable microclimate beneath them. To achieve success with agrivoltaics, careful consideration for solar panel placement is required. Grapevines do very well under solar panels, which also improves the quality of the grape.
They can add aesthetic value and even attract pollinators to the agrivoltaic farm, benefiting other crops in the system. Improved Crop Resilience: The shade from solar panels can protect crops from extreme temperatures and intense sunlight, leading to more consistent growth and reduced heat stress.
Lettuce, spinach, and kale are excellent examples. These leafy greens benefit from reduced heat stress and lower water evaporation, which can result in more stable yields and improved quality. Root Vegetables: Beets, carrots, and radishes are root vegetables that can grow well in the filtered light provided by solar panels.
Their ability to thrive in less-than-full sunlight makes them ideal for intercropping with solar panels. Flowers: Sunflowers and marigolds are examples of flowers that can do well under partial shade. They can add aesthetic value and even attract pollinators to the agrivoltaic farm, benefiting other crops in the system.