Dust deposition on solar photovoltaic panels dramatically weakens the panel working operation and service life. In this study, the formation and evolution process of dust deposition on solar photovoltaic panels are studied using a computational fluid dynamics–discrete element model (CFD–DEM). . Dust deposition on the surface of photovoltaic (PV) cells poses a significant challenge to their efficiency, especially in arid regions characterized by desert and semi-desert conditions.
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